KIKI 发表于 2003-6-25 22:50:57

异域风情 [系列]


之一卢浮宫
法国巴黎是世界文明的艺术之都,它不仅以秀丽的风景吸引着来自世界各地的人,更以其光彩夺目的艺术明珠另人心往神迷。这颗明珠就是Louvre,卢浮宫-举世瞩目的艺术宝库……

   Louvre, national art museum of France and the palace in which it is housed, is located in Paris, on the Right Bank of the Seine River. The structure, until 1682 a residence of the kings of France, is one of the largest palaces in the world. It occupies the site of a 13th-century fortress. The building of the Louvre was begun in 1546 in the reign of Francis I, according to the plans of the French architect Pierre Lescot. Additions were made to the structure during the reigns of almost every subsequent French monarch.

* fortress:“堡垒”、“阵地”等意思。卢浮宫建造于13世纪的一个堡垒的旧址之上。
* reign:“统治时期”。卢浮宫是于1546年弗郎西斯一世在位时开始修建的。
* subsequent:“随后的”、“后来的”等意思。
* monarch:“君主”、“帝王”。据法国建筑师Pierre Lescot的修建计划所载,Francis I以后的每一位法国君主都对卢浮宫进行了增建。

   Under Henry IV, in the early 17th century, the Grand Galerrie, now the main picture gallery, which borders the Seine, was completed. Under Napoleon III a wing on the north side was finished. By the mid-19th century the vast complex was completed; covering more than 48 acres, it is a masterpiece of architectural design and sculptural adornment.

* Grand Galerrie:卢浮宫著名的大画廊。
* wing:本义是“翅膀”,这里指“建筑物的侧翼”。
* complex:“错综的”、“复杂的”等意思。这里是名词用法,表示“结构复杂的建筑物”。
* adornment:“装饰”、“装饰物”的意思。卢浮宫结构复杂,占地面积广,经过几个世纪才修建完毕。因而,它既是建筑设计领域的杰出作品,又是雕刻装饰领域的大手笔。

http://www.louvre.fr/img/charte/evenemt/louvre.jpg

KIKI 发表于 2003-6-25 22:52:25

The nucleus of the Louvre collections is the group of Italian Renaissance paintings among them several by Leonardo da Vinci owned by Francis I, a collector and patron of note. The holdings were significantly enriched by acquisitions made for the monarchy by Cardinal Richelieu and by Cardinal Mazarin, who was instrumental in purchasing works that had belonged to Charles I of England.

* nucleus:nucleus有很多意思,我们熟知的是表示“原子核”、“细胞核”等。本文里,nucleus则是“核心”、“中心”的意思。Italian Renaissance(意大利文艺复兴)时的绘画是整个卢浮宫藏品的核心部分。
* patron of note:patron是“赞助人”的意思,note在这里表示“钞票”。Patron of note就是“资金赞助者”了。
* acquisition:是“获得物”的意思。许多本来供奉君王的艺术品大大丰富了卢浮宫的收藏。
* instrumental:instrument除了表示“乐器外”,还表示“傀儡”、“受利用的工具”的意思。本文的instrumental就是“有帮助”、“有作用”的意思。

   Napoleon deposited in the Louvre the paintings and works of art seized during his European conquests; after his downfall, however, many of these works were restored to their original owners. Since that time increasing numbers of gifts, purchases, and finds brought back from archaeological expeditions have permanently enriched the museum. Among its greatest treasures are two of the most famous sculptures of the ancient world, the Victory of Samothrace and the Venus de Milo, and Leonardo's famous portrait, Mona Lisa. The Louvre also holds works by the other Italian masters Raphael and Titian and paintings by the northern artists Peter Paul Rubens and Rembrandt. Protection of all the Louvre's priceless masterpieces during the two world wars was effected by their removal to secret depositories outside Paris.


*deposit:这个词有很丰富的含意:“堆积、存放、押金、沉淀物”等,这里是指“存放”的意思。拿破仑把他在欧洲战场上掠夺来的艺术品都存放在了卢浮宫。
* sculpture:雕刻、雕塑。卢浮宫的雕塑典藏中,最珍贵的当数“胜利女神”和“米洛斯的维纳斯”,还有举世闻名的画像《蒙娜丽莎》。卢浮宫还收藏了其他意大利艺术大师的作品,包括拉斐尔和提香、以及一些北方艺术家的作品。

http://www.paris-beijing.com/Tour/Musee/images/louvre1-s.jpg

KIKI 发表于 2003-6-25 22:54:00

卢浮宫藏品丰富,件件称得上是艺术珍宝,为历代帝王以及宫廷艺术家等所重视。这些藏品分门别类,由专门的部门管理。卢浮宫内还有许多藏品目录和小册子,向游人作介绍。随着藏品的增多,其“领地”也不断扩张……

   Louvre The collections of the museum are administered by seven curatorial departments. The Department of Egyptian Antiquities was formed in 1826 to study and display the objects brought back to France during Napoleon's campaign in Egypt. The Department of Oriental Antiquities is famed for its collections of Mesopotamian and Islamic art. Other departments include Greek, Roman, and Etruscan antiquities; Objets d'art (including the crown jewels of France); and Drawings and Prints.

* administer:在这里是“掌管”、“料理”、“管理”的意思。
* curatorial:curatorial的原形是curator,意思是“博物馆、展览馆的馆主”。
* antiquity:“古人”、“古物”的意思。

   The Department of Paintings, considered by many scholars the most important in the world, includes several thousand works of the various European schools. Its enormous collection of French paintings ranges from the Middle Ages to the early 19th century. Since 1986, however, works of the French impressionists and postimpressionists, many dating from 1848 to 1914 and formerly housed in the Music du Jeu Paume (Tennis Court Museum) adjacent to the Louvre, have been included in the collection of the Music d'Orsay on the left bank of the Seine River.

* impressionist:我们都知道impression有“印象”的意思,impressionnist由此引申而来,表示“印象派画家或作家”。

http://harbin.sohu.com/travel/content/20010901/images/200109015.jpg

KIKI 发表于 2003-6-25 22:55:10

The museum publishes catalogs and brochures. In addition, it publishes the Revue de Louvre, which contains articles on new acquisitions and provides information on museum projects and on other French museums.

* brochure:“小册子”、“印成小册子的论文”。卢浮宫本身是一个博物馆,里面有藏品目录以及介绍性的小册子,包括新近艺术品简介、museum projects(博物馆建设计划)和其它博物馆的信息   

   In 1993 the Richelieu Wing was opened by President Mitterrand of France. The north wing of the Louvre Palace, formerly occupied by the Ministry of Finance, was vacated and transformed into exhibition areas. This ended the second phase of a project in progress since 1981 that included the addition of the glass pyramid entrance designed by American architect I.M. Pei, an auditorium, galleries for temporary exhibitions, displays on the history of the Louvre, moats of the medieval Louvre, restaurants, shops, and parking facilities.

* vacate:“空出”、“撤离”的意思。卢浮宫的北侧翼原本是由财政部使用的,后来腾出来变成了展览区。
* phase:“阶段”、“时期”的意思。

http://harbin.sohu.com/travel/content/20010901/images/200109016.jpg

KIKI 发表于 2003-6-25 23:03:08

之二加拿大的结婚习俗

加拿大是个多民族的国家,有英裔、法裔、印第安人、爱斯基摩人、华人和少量欧美及亚洲各国移民。这些民族都具有自己的传统习惯和风俗,在婚礼上也表现如此,从而使加拿大成为一个有着多姿多彩婚礼习俗的国家。
  
  购物

  加拿大的英裔居民和法裔居民大多信奉天主教或基督教,他们的婚礼习俗同西方信基督教的国家有很多相似之处。大多数加拿大青年对婚礼非常重视,他们总是力求将婚礼办得热烈隆重、多姿多彩、富有纪念意义,通常在婚礼前几个月甚至一年时间便开始有关的准备工作。近些年来,加拿大各级政府部门在全国各地建立起结婚咨询机构网络,准备办喜事的男女可以到商场、饭店、旅馆甚至市政厅等处进行新婚购物咨询,这种咨询服务是免费的。如果咨询者感到满意,可以在导购小姐带领下当场选购物品,并配有免费送货上门的服务。各地每年还要举行结婚用品展销会,届时热闹非凡。
  
  彩车

  加拿大青年男女喜欢在5月到9月这段时间举行婚礼,尤其爱在7月份喜结良缘,而且婚礼仪式多选在星期六这一天。在这期间,每逢周末,加拿大城乡教堂从早到晚传出悦耳的《婚礼进行曲》,新郎新娘乘坐的彩车队徐徐行驶,围观的人们报以热烈的掌声和欢笑声,相遇的车辆鸣喇叭表示祝贺,各地都沉浸在喜气洋洋的气氛之中。由于众多的男女选择在同一段时间内举行婚礼,教堂显得异常繁忙,因而一切准备都须在婚礼前三四个月联系妥当。加拿大人喜爱鲜花,他们婚礼上的鲜花十分考究,教堂、宴会厅、新房都要用玫瑰花、兰花、百合花装扮,色彩艳丽、浓香扑鼻,因此采购鲜花也是一项重要事情。

  婚礼仪式在教堂里举行,仪式内容同西方许多国家大体相似。其中,加拿大新婚夫妇相互赠送的戒指内侧刻着各自姓名的缩写字母和结婚日期,双方视为珍品而留作永久的纪念。教堂仪式结束,新婚夫妇要乘坐装扮得花枝招展的彩车沿着繁华地区走一圈,随后到风景秀丽的公园或名胜游览地拍摄新婚合影照片。

  加拿大人的新婚宴会一般都选在晚上举行,先是非正式的酒会,接着是正式的冷餐和热餐,气氛热烈,场面隆重。加拿大新婚夫妇也有婚后蜜月旅行的习惯。由于加拿大冬季漫长,因此经济条件好的,多爱到加勒比海诸岛和美国的佛罗里达州去度假,尽情享受阳光、沙滩和海浪。而收入不丰者,多到国内的风景胜地游玩,如魁北克的劳伦欣山区、落基山脉的班斧以及路易斯湖等地。
  
  酋长

  加拿大印第安人的婚礼带有浓厚的民族色彩。婚礼地点多选择在印第安人聚居区公共建筑物里举行,一般是一幢较大的木头房屋。举行婚礼时,亲朋好友、左邻右舍、村中居民纷纷来到木房里,众人席地而坐,互致问候。男女老幼身穿民族服装,款式新颖,色泽艳丽。虽然印第安人性情开朗,但婚礼场合却显得非常安静,即使说话也是轻言细语。

  婚礼的主持人是酋长和两位长老,当他们来到现场时,全场的人向他们致礼表示敬意。酋长身着民族服装,头上象征权威的高高的羽毛格外醒目。酋长在大厅中央坐定,两位长老分坐酋长左右,他们是当地年岁最大的人,灰白色头发结成长辫垂在肩上。新郎新娘身着白色的鹿皮传统服装,跪坐在酋长对面。成年男子围坐在酋长、长老、新郎新娘周围,妇女和儿童围坐在男人的外围,每人面前放着刀叉和盘碗。

  仪式开始,酋长面向空中,高举双手,全场鸦雀无声。他点燃艾草,随着一股伴有浓香的青烟升起,酋长用民族语言向神明祈祷,为新婚夫妇祝福。酋长说完,由左右两边的长老边说边唱,歌声豪放粗犷。祈祷完毕,酋长从身上取下一根长管烟枪,在艾草上点燃,再将烟枪平举在胸前,自左而右地转一圈,放进嘴里吸几口。随后,将烟枪交给左边的长老,这位长老照酋长的样子做一遍后交给右边长老,接着传给新郎、新娘、客人们。按照印第安人的传统风俗,烟枪象征和平,吸烟表示友好。当在场的每一个人都吸过烟后,四位年轻人抬来一大桶汤羹,新郎新娘先为酋长和长老每人盛一碗,酋长接着将汤羹分盛在五六个小桶里,再由人分给在场的每一个人。

  根据印第安人传统习惯,新郎婚前要设法猎获一头糜鹿,用鹿肉加野米熬成汤,婚礼上分给大家喝。按照古老惯例,印第安人婚礼上吃玉米饼时,还应吃烤野牛肉,但今天的野牛成为保护动物,所以许多人婚礼上的烤野牛肉便用美国的\\\"肯德基炸鸡\\\"代替了。这样,印策安人的婚礼既保持着本民族的传统习惯,又受到了西方文化的影响。喜宴结束,酋长和长老离去,人们来到一块空地上,随着欢快的鼓声,通宵达旦跳传统的印第安太阳舞。
  
  抢亲

  居住在加拿大北部的爱斯基摩人,至今流行着\\\"抢亲\\\"的古老习俗。爱斯基摩人注重诚挚的感情,不讲究结婚的形式。一对男女青年产生恋情,发展到一定程度,男方给女方家盖一幢房子或者送给女方一套能够御寒的衣服,女方家庭成员住进房子或者女方穿上衣服,就算相互间的婚姻关系确定了。

  爱斯基摩人的婚礼日期多选在隆冬季节举行,因为这段时间大雪封门,无法外出捕鱼或打猎。举行婚礼的那天,男子偷偷隐藏在女方家附近,一旦有机会,便将姑娘\\\"抢走\\\"。姑娘自然知道小伙子在门外挨冻,为了考验他是否忠诚,故意深居内室,让他难于\\\"抢\\\"到手。聪明的小伙子,总是用计谋将姑娘引出家门,达到\\\"抢\\\"人的目的。如果婚礼选在夏天,小伙子可以钻进女家,扯着姑娘往外跑,姑娘佯装不从,家人视而不见,最后姑娘的喊叫声慢慢消失在远方。

  爱斯基摩人婚礼异常简朴,新郎新琅叩拜家族长老、父母兄弟、亲朋好友等,大伙吃一顿鱼肉饭、喝一碗鱼汤,纵情跳一阵舞,婚礼宣告结束,客人各自离去。

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